4. Fracturing in Carbon Black
Breaking Down Aggregates
Fracturing in the context of pigment particles, such as carbon black, involves breaking down the aggregates into individual primary particles. The aggregates are clusters of primary particles held together by van der Waals forces, which are relatively weak electrostatic attractions. A significant amount of energy is needed to fracture these aggregates and separate them into primary particles. In a laboratory, this can be achieved using mechanical, ultrasonic, or chemical methods, disrupting the aggregate structure and releasing the primary particles.
Fracturing in the Context of Skin
In semi-permanent makeup applications involving human skin, the feasibility of fracturing changes drastically.
The energy level needed to fracture carbon black aggregates in the skin is typically not naturally present. The mechanical forces applied during makeup application are not strong enough to cause fracturing at this level.
Theoretical Implications
Theoretically, fracturing in the skin would require an external force, like ultrasonic treatment. However, such methods are uncommon in cosmetic or dermatological treatments and could be unsafe.
Biological Impact
If fracturing were to occur in the skin, it might increase the exposure of the skin to smaller primary particles. These particles have a higher potential for penetrating the skin and interacting with cells, which could lead to various biological reactions, including inflammation or cellular stress.
Considering the challenges and risks, the stability of pigment aggregates in semi-permanent makeup is beneficial. It ensures a more predictable interaction with the skin and minimizes the risk of unintended biological responses.
Preliminary Conclusions
While fracturing carbon black aggregates into primary particles is scientifically feasible, its practical application in human skin, especially for semi-permanent makeup, is highly unlikely and not recommended due to the potential risks and lack of natural or safe methods. This understanding is essential for semi-permanent makeup professionals to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Fracturing and Laser Removal
Interestingly, fracturing is closely related to laser removal treatments in semi-permanent makeup. This process often breaks down the aggregates, considered the "real particles," in the skin. Many artists are aware of this, as laser treatment is a common method for pigment removal.